1.在大多数情况下,不定式的主动式表示主动意义,被动式表示被动意义:
A man apt to promise is apt to forget. 易于许诺的人也易于忘记。
Mr. Johnson preferred_________heavier work to do.
A) to be given B) to be giving
C) to have given D) having given
(B4,1993.6-61, A对)约翰逊先生宁愿被分派更重的活。
It is not unusual for workers in that region__________.
A) to be paid more than a month late
B) to be paid later than more a month
C) to pay later than a month more
D) to pay later more than a month
(B4,1995.1-55,A对)那个地方的工人一个多月后才得到工资是常有的事。
The Bunsen burner is so(A) named because it is thought(B) to be invented(C) by Robert Burnsen,who was German by(D) birth. (2000年全国大学生英语竞赛决赛题)C错,应改为to have been invented。本生灯的命名,人们认为是因为它是德国人罗伯特·本生发明的。
2.但是有时候,我们用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义:
不定式的主动式表示被动意义,用在一些特定的句型里:
A.“形容词+to不定式”
“形容词+to不定式”作表语,to不定式或与句子的主语存在多种逻辑关系,其中之一是动宾关系。这时不定式或是及物动词,却不再带宾语;或是不及物动词之后需要介词(这时句子的主语成了介词的逻辑宾语)。例:
Soapy's requirements were not difficult to meet .索比的要求不难满足。(cf : It was not difficult to meet Soapy's requirements.)
我们一般不说:Soapy's requirements were not difficult to be met.但可以说:Soapy's requirements were met.
A secretary's job isn't always easy to do. 秘书工作并不总是容易做的。
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _________.
A) sit B) sit on C) be sat D) be sat on
(高考,1988,B对) 这椅子看起来很硬;但实际上坐上去很舒服。
Many of the houses are pleasant to look at, though perhaps rather inconvenient to live in.许多房子虽然可能住进去不舒服,但看上去却很舒心。
Mary is impossible to talk to.跟玛丽谈话是不可能的。
以上句子中的形容词一般不表示主语的内在特性,而评价事情;试比较下列句子,其中的形容词表示主语本身具有的性质、特点:
The tea is hot to drink. (试比较:The tea is hot.)
以上这类句子中的不定式均可以有自己的逻辑主语:
The tea is hot for us to drink.
B.有些句子,虽然不定式与最近的名词(代词)有逻辑上的动宾关系,但与句子的另一个名词(代词)却有逻辑上的主谓关系,这时我们也用不定式的主动式表示被动意义。请看:He has no one to take care of.
没有人需要他照顾。(cf: He takes care of no one.他没有照顾任何人。He has no one to take care of him. 没有人照顾他。)
They gave me some books to read. 他们给我一些书读。(cf: To read some books ,I read some books.)
We found the report difficult to understand.我们发现这报告不好懂。
C.在there be 句子中,修饰主语的不定式,可以用主动式,也可以用被动式,前者更口语化:
There are some matters to take care of / to be taken care of . 有些事情要处理。
但是,有时两种形式表示不同的意义:
There is nothing to do.现在没事干。
There is nothing to be done.现在没有办法了。(=We can do nothing now.)